MAFFT(1)

THIS MANUAL IS FOR V6.2XX (2007)
Recent versions (v7.1xx; 2013 Jan.) have more features than those described below. See also the tips page at http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/software/tips0.html

NAME

    mafft - Multiple alignment program for amino acid or nucleotide sequences

SYNOPSIS

    mafft [options] input [> output]

    linsi input [> output]

    ginsi input [> output]

    einsi input [> output]

    fftnsi input [> output]

    fftns input [> output]

    nwns input [> output]

    nwnsi input [> output]

    mafft-profile group1 group2 [> output]

    input, group1 and group2 must be in FASTA format.

DESCRIPTION
    MAFFT is a multiple sequence alignment program for unix-like operating systems. It offers a range of multiple alignment methods.

  Accuracy-oriented methods:

    • L-INS-i (probably most accurate; recommended for <200 sequences; iterative refinement method incorporating local pairwise alignment information):

    mafft --localpair --maxiterate 1000 input [> output]

    linsi input [> output]

    • G-INS-i (suitable for sequences of similar lengths; recommended for <200 sequences; iterative refinement method incorporating global pairwise alignment information):

    mafft --globalpair --maxiterate 1000 input [> output]

    ginsi input [> output]

    • E-INS-i (suitable for sequences containing large unalignable regions; recommended for <200 sequences):

    mafft --ep 0 --genafpair --maxiterate 1000 input [> output]

    einsi input [> output]

    For E-INS-i, the --ep 0 option is recommended to allow large gaps.

  Speed-oriented methods:

    • FFT-NS-i (iterative refinement method; two cycles only):

    mafft --retree 2 --maxiterate 2 input [> output]

    fftnsi input [> output]

    • FFT-NS-i (iterative refinement method; max. 1000 iterations):

    mafft --retree 2 --maxiterate 1000 input [> output]

    • FFT-NS-2 (fast; progressive method):

    mafft --retree 2 --maxiterate 0 input [> output]

    fftns input [> output]

    • FFT-NS-1 (very fast; recommended for >2000 sequences; progressive method with a rough guide tree):

    mafft --retree 1 --maxiterate 0 input [> output]

    • NW-NS-i (iterative refinement method without FFT approximation; two cycles only):

    mafft --retree 2 --maxiterate 2 --nofft input [> output]

    nwnsi input [> output]

    • NW-NS-2 (fast; progressive method without the FFT approximation):

    mafft --retree 2 --maxiterate 0 --nofft input [> output]

    nwns input [> output]

    • NW-NS-PartTree-1 (recommended for ~10,000 to ~50,000 sequences; progressive method with the PartTree algorithm):

    mafft --retree 1 --maxiterate 0 --nofft --parttree input [> output]

  Group-to-group alignments

    mafft-profile group1 group2 [> output]

    or:

    mafft --maxiterate 1000 --seed group1 --seed group2 /dev/null [> output]

OPTIONS

  Algorithm

    --auto
        Automatically selects an appropriate strategy from L-INS-i, FFT-NS-i and FFT-NS-2, according to data size. Default: off (always FFT-NS-2)

    --6merpair
        Distance is calculated based on the number of shared 6mers. Default: on

    --globalpair
        All pairwise alignments are computed with the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm. More accurate but slower than --6merpair. Suitable for a set of globally alignable sequences. Applicable to up to ~200 sequences. A combination with --maxiterate 1000 is recommended (G-INS-i). Default: off (6mer distance is used)

    --localpair
        All pairwise alignments are computed with the Smith-Waterman algorithm. More accurate but slower than --6merpair. Suitable for a set of locally alignable sequences. Applicable to up to ~200 sequences. A combination with --maxiterate 1000 is recommended (L-INS-i). Default: off (6mer distance is used)

    --genafpair
        All pairwise alignments are computed with a local algorithm with the generalized affine gap cost (Altschul 1998). More accurate but slower than --6merpair. Suitable when large internal gaps are expected. Applicable to up to ~200 sequences. A combination with --maxiterate 1000 is recommended (E-INS-i). Default: off (6mer distance is used)

    --fastapair
        All pairwise alignments are computed with FASTA (Pearson and Lipman 1988). FASTA is required. Default: off (6mer distance is used)

    --weighti number
        Weighting factor for the consistency term calculated from pairwise alignments. Valid when either of --globalpair, --localpair, --genafpair, --fastapair or --blastpair is selected. Default: 2.7

    --retree number
        Guide tree is built number times in the progressive stage. Valid with 6mer distance. Default: 2

    --maxiterate number
        number cycles of iterative refinement are performed. Default: 0

    --fft
        Use FFT approximation in group-to-group alignment. Default: on

    --nofft
        Do not use FFT approximation in group-to-group alignment. Default: off

    --noscore
        Alignment score is not checked in the iterative refinement stage. Default: off (score is checked)

    --memsave
        Use the Myers-Miller (1988) algorithm. Default: automatically turned on when the alignment length exceeds 10,000 (aa/nt).

    --parttree
        Use a fast tree-building method (PartTree, Katoh and Toh 2007) with the 6mer distance. Recommended for a large number (> ~10,000) of sequences are input. Default: off

    --dpparttree
        The PartTree algorithm is used with distances based on DP. Slightly more accurate and slower than --parttree. Recommended for a large number (> ~10,000) of sequences are input. Default: off

    --fastaparttree
        The PartTree algorithm is used with distances based on FASTA. Slightly more accurate and slower than --parttree. Recommended for a large number (> ~10,000) of sequences are input. FASTA is required. Default: off

    --partsize number
        The number of partitions in the PartTree algorithm. Default: 50

    --groupsize number
        Do not make alignment larger than number sequences. Valid only with the --*parttree options. Default: the number of input sequences

  Parameter

    --op number
        Gap opening penalty at group-to-group alignment. Default: 1.53

    --ep number
        Offset value, which works like gap extension penalty, for group-to-group alignment. Default: 0.123

    --lop number
        Gap opening penalty at local pairwise alignment. Valid when the --localpair or --genafpair option is selected. Default: -2.00

    --lep number
        Offset value at local pairwise alignment. Valid when the --localpair or --genafpair option is selected. Default: 0.1

    --lexp number
        Gap extension penalty at local pairwise alignment. Valid when the --localpair or --genafpair option is selected. Default: -0.1

    --LOP number
        Gap opening penalty to skip the alignment. Valid when the --genafpair option is selected. Default: -6.00

    --LEXP number
        Gap extension penalty to skip the alignment. Valid when the --genafpair option is selected. Default: 0.00

    --bl number
        BLOSUM number matrix (Henikoff and Henikoff 1992) is used. number=30, 45, 62 or 80. Default: 62

    --jtt number
        JTT PAM number (Jones et al. 1992) matrix is used. number>0. Default: BLOSUM62

    --tm number
        Transmembrane PAM number (Jones et al. 1994) matrix is used. number>0. Default: BLOSUM62

    --aamatrix matrixfile
        Use a user-defined AA scoring matrix. The format of matrixfile is the same to that of BLAST. Ignored when nucleotide sequences are input. Default: BLOSUM62

    --fmodel
        Incorporate the AA/nuc composition information into the scoring matrix. Default: off

  Output

    --clustalout
        Output format: clustal format. Default: off (fasta format)

    --inputorder
        Output order: same as input. Default: on

    --reorder
        Output order: aligned. Default: off (inputorder)

    --treeout
        Guide tree is output to the input.tree file. Default: off

    --quiet
        Do not report progress. Default: off

  Input

    --nuc
        Assume the sequences are nucleotide. Default: auto

    --amino
        Assume the sequences are amino acid. Default: auto

    --seed alignment1 [--seed alignment2 --seed alignment3 ...]
        Seed alignments given in alignment_n (fasta format) are aligned with sequences in input. The alignment within every seed is preserved.

FILES

    Mafft stores the input sequences and other files in a temporary directory, which by default is located in /tmp.

ENVIONMENT

    MAFFT_BINARIES
        Indicates the location of the binary files used by mafft. By default, they are searched in /usr/local/lib/mafft, but on Debian systems, they are searched in /usr/lib/mafft.

    FASTA_4_MAFFT
        This variable can be set to indicate to mafft the location to the fasta34 program if it is not in the PATH.

SEE ALSO

    mafft-homologs(1)

REFERENCES

  In English

    • Katoh and Toh (Bioinformatics 23:372-374, 2007) PartTree: an algorithm to build an approximate tree from a large number of unaligned sequences (describes the PartTree algorithm).

    • Katoh, Kuma, Toh and Miyata (Nucleic Acids Res. 33:511-518, 2005) MAFFT version 5: improvement in accuracy of multiple sequence alignment (describes [ancestral versions of] the G-INS-i, L-INS-i and E-INS-i strategies)

    • Katoh, Misawa, Kuma and Miyata (Nucleic Acids Res. 30:3059-3066, 2002) MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform (describes the FFT-NS-1, FFT-NS-2 and FFT-NS-i strategies)

  In Japanese

    • Katoh and Misawa (Seibutsubutsuri 46:312-317, 2006) Multiple Sequence Alignments: the Next Generation

    • Katoh and Kuma (Kagaku to Seibutsu 44:102-108, 2006) Jissen-teki Multiple Alignment

AUTHORS

    Kazutaka Katoh <kazutaka.katoh_at_aist.go.jp>

        Wrote Mafft.

    Charles Plessy <charles-debian-nospam_at_plessy.org>

        Wrote this manpage in DocBook XML for the Debian distribution, using Mafft's homepage as a template.

COPYRIGHT
    Copyright © 2002-2007 Kazutaka Katoh (mafft)
    Copyright © 2007 Charles Plessy (this manpage)

    Mafft and its manpage are offered under the following conditions:

    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

        1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

        2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

        3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.